Abstract: It is an important prerequisite for ensuring regional sustainable development to attach importance to the ecological value and ecological functions of wetland resources. Based on Landsat remote sensing images from 2010 to 2020, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the ecological environment quality of the Sugan Lake Wetland were analyzed by constructing the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI), and the driving factors affecting the regional ecological environment quality were explored in combination with the geographical detector. The research results showed that among the four indicators of the RSEI of the Sugan Lake Wetland in 2010, 2015 and 2020, there was a positive correlation between NDVI and RSEI, and between WET and RSEI, while there was a negative correlation between NDBSI and RSEI, and between LST and RSEI. The average values of RSEI in the three periods were 0.469, 0.402 and 0.460, respectively. The RSEI decreased by 14.29% from 2010 to 2015; and increased by 14.43% from 2015 to 2020. Overall, the RSEI decreased by 1.92% from 2010 to 2020, and the ecological environment quality of the Sugan Lake Wetland generally showed a slightly deteriorating trend. The areas with poor and relatively poor ecological environment quality were basically consistent in distribution, mainly located on the east side, in the central part of the wetland, and on the north side of the Xiaosugan Lake, with land use types such as bare land, saline-alkali land, and salt marsh land. The analysis of the RSEI difference showed that from 2010 to 2020, the ecological environment quality of the study area was dominated by the deteriorating grade, with the area of the deteriorating grade region reaching 196.01 km², and the area of the improving grade region being 138.07 km². The Moran’s I values of RSEI in 2010, 2015 and 2020 were 0.322, 0.236 and 0.149, respectively, showing a positive spatial correlation, but with a significant trend of weakening aggregation, and the polarization of the ecological environment quality in the study area had been alleviated. The results of the hot spot analysis showed that the cold spots mainly gather on the east side of the study area, with the land use types mainly being saline-alkali land and sandy land; the hot spots mainly gather in the central part of the study area, and after 2010, they moved to the south side of the Xiaosugan Lake and the area around Huahaizi. The analysis of the results of the geographical detector showed that the ecological environment quality of the Sugan Lake wetland was jointly affected by natural factors and human factors. Among them, the dryness index was the single factor with the greatest driving force affecting the ecological environment quality; in the interactive detection, the interactive influence of elevation, land use type and air temperature was dominant. The influence of human factors was significantly weaker than that of natural factors. The research results can provide certain data support and reference for the sustainable development of wetland resources in arid regions.