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杭州湾不同栖息地越冬水鸟多样性及动态变化

Diversity and dynamics of wintering waterbirds among difference habitats in the Hangzhou Bay

  • 摘要: 杭州湾滨海湿地是东亚–澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞路线(East Asian-Australasian Flyway,EAAF)上越冬水鸟的重要停歇地,但近年来受到快速增长的人类围垦活动影响。基于2017—2024年杭州湾滨海湿地水鸟长期监测数据,研究滩涂湿地、湿地公园和库塘湿地3种栖息地水鸟的丰富度、受胁物种类群和数量,并评估杭州湾滨海湿地的水鸟多样性保护价值,同时通过功能和谱系角度的鸟类群落结构分析、优势类群动态变化和生态因子之间的关联分析,探究水鸟群落多样性的形成和维持机制。研究结果表明,在3种类型栖息地中,水鸟群落的物种、功能和谱系多样性存在差异,滩涂湿地水鸟Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数均显著高于湿地公园(p<0.05)和库塘湿地(p<0.01),同时滩涂湿地水鸟多样性保护价值指数最高;在湿地公园和库塘湿地中,雁鸭类水鸟的功能群落和谱系群落均呈聚集状态,在湿地公园尤为显著,环境过滤主导水鸟群落的构建;相关分析表明,归一化植被指数影响鸻鹬类水鸟在湿地公园和滩涂湿地的功能和谱系多样性;杭州湾滨海湿地稳定达到了《湿地公约》中关于水鸟的3个标准,在水鸟数量、受胁物种和EAAF 1%标准3个层次都体现出具有国际重要意义。建议未来在杭州湾滨海湿地的管理中适当调整植被覆盖率以减缓对鸟类多样性的影响。

     

    Abstract: The Hangzhou Bay coastal wetland, a critical stopover site along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), has been increasingly affected by rapidly expanding human reclamation activities in recent years. Utilizing long-term waterbird monitoring data (2017—2024), this study investigated the species richness, threatened species composition, and abundance of waterbirds across three habitat types: tidal flats, wetland parks, and pond wetlands. The conservation value of coastal wetlands in the Hangzhou Bay was evaluated, and the formation and maintenance mechanisms of waterbird community diversity were explored through analyses of bird community assembly (from functional and phylogenetic perspectives), dominant group dynamics, and ecological factor correlations. The results showed significant differences in species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity among waterbird communities in the three habitat types. Both the Shannon-Wiener index and the Simpson diversity index of waterbirds in tidal flats were significantly higher than those in wetland parks (p<0.05) and pond wetlands (p<0.01). Additionally, tidal flats exhibited the highest waterbird diversity conservation value index. In wetland parks and reservoir-pond wetlands, the functional and phylogenetic communities of Anatidae (ducks and geese) were clustered, particularly in wetland parks, where environmental filtering dominated community assembly. Correlation analysis revealed that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index influenced the functional and phylogenetic diversity of shorebirds (Charadriiformes) in both wetland parks and tidal flats. It is also found the Hangzhou Bay coastal wetland consistently met all three waterbird-related criteria under the Ramsar Convention, demonstrating international significance in terms of waterbird abundance, threatened species presence, and the EAAF 1% threshold. To mitigate the impact on avian diversity, future management strategies for the Hangzhou Bay coastal wetland should consider adjusting vegetation coverage appropriately.

     

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