Abstract: Exploring the distribution characteristics and key influencing factors of macrobenthos in the nascent wetlands is critical for understanding the quality of saltmarsh wetland ecosystems and their responses to environmental changes. This paper takes the nascent saltmarsh wetlands in the Yellow River Delta after the governance of Spartina alterniflora as the study area, and analyzes the composition structure, distribution characteristics, and key influencing factors of macrobenthos in this area during the summer of 2023. A total of 26 macrobenthic species were collected in these wetlands, belonging to five phyla: 9 Annelida, 7 Mollusca, 8 Arthropoda, 1 Chordata, and 1 Nemertea. The results revealed that the macrobenthic community structure across sampling sites was classified into three distinct assemblages, with Hediste japonica and Macrophthalmus japonicus as the dominant species. The mean biomass and density were 47.72±44.16 g/m² and 481.52±319.07 ind./m², respectively. The nascent saltmarsh wetlands exhibited relatively low species richness and diversity. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 1.40 to 1.94, the Pielou’s evenness index ranged from 0.73 to 0.95, and the Margalef’s richness index ranged from 1.25 to 2.37. Soil bulk density, soil moisture content, pH, and water ammonium nitrogen concentration were identified as the primary environmental factors influencing the distribution of macrobenthos in these wetlands. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the assessment of habitat quality after the control of S. alterniflora in the nascent formed salt marsh wetlands of the Yellow River Delta, as well as the protection of new wetlands and the restoration of degraded wetlands.