Abstract: Wetland landscapes associated with shallow lakes in the middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River floodplain are influenced by natural hydrological rhythms and show significant seasonal changes. Birds are effective indicators of wetland ecology, and changes in their diversity can be used to evaluate the effects of seasonal fluctuations in habitats and landscapes. This study conducted field surveys of bird species, abundance, and distribution in Wuchang Lake wetland, a part of the Anhui Anqing Yangtze River Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve, between March 2023 and February 2024. Landscape-associated factors, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, and habitat-related factors, such as distance to roads and residential areas, were assessed over the same period using Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery covering the same period. A random forest model was used to analyze habitat characteristics and the diversity of wetland bird species during the wet and dry seasons, and the relationships between significant environmental factors and bird diversity were explored. A total of 145 bird species from 16 orders and 45 families were identified during the study period, including 57 species of waterbirds and 19 species of nationally protected birds in China. Four species were under Class I national key protection, 15 species under Class II national key protection, 62 species under key protection of Anhui Province, and 2 species were classified as critically endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Most of the birds observed in Wuchang Lake wetland during the dry season were waterbirds, of which 93% were migratory. The functional differentiation of birds observed during the dry season was significantly higher than that seen during the wet season (p<0.05), while the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the birds was significantly lower in the dry season than that in the wet season (p<0.05). No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in bird species and functional richness between the two periods. Random forest regression models showed that the influence of environmental factors on the Shannon-Wiener diversity was ranked as mudflat areas (CA2)>NDVI>distance from road (D.road), on species richness was D.road>distance from residential area (D.set)>agricultural land area (CA4)>built-up land area (CA6), on functional richness index was D.road > area of water-supporting plants (CA3)>Shannon diversity index (SHDI)>patch density (PD), and on the functional dissimilarity index was CA6>CA2. Partial dependency diagrams showed that increased vegetation cover, rational regulation of water levels to avoid excessive or insufficient heterogeneity among habitats, and reductions in anthropogenic disturbances promoted both taxonomic and functional diversity of the birds. These findings provide a scientific reference for strengthening ecological management of Wuchang Lake wetland and the protection of bird habitats.